Emory and Henry College: HIST 112
Professor Mark Hagy
Course Papers
Paper 1: James Garfield’s America 1881
Josie Salyer
2 February 2018
HIST 112
Paper 1
With the Industrial Revolution rising and altering America in the 1880’s, James Garfield’s influence as President, General, and Representative inspired the American people with a profound sense of hope, encouragement, and faith. Garfield’s legacy is discussed throughout the PBS documentary “Murder of a President.” This documentary provides insight to life in America in 1881, Garfield’s life as a political leader, and the challenges of medical science in 1881. James Garfield was a father, husband, President, General, politician, friend, and civil rights activist. Above all these titles, Garfield was an inspirer. Garfield inspired the entire American population to unite through his numerous acts of courage and bravery in the midst of a growing, developing Nation.
In 1881, the United States was dominated by Industrialization. Three ideas are made prominent in the film during this time: the increase of civilization in cities, the increase in factory jobs, and the influence of growing aristocracy. For the first time in history, more Americans lived in cities than farms. This was a result of the growing workforce needed to operate different machinery in developing factories. Factory work was gradually replacing manual labor. Industrialization also prompted a growing aristocracy; in other words, more individuals were accustomed to exceptional ranks and privileges.
Garfield was a remarkable political leader because of his vast abilities. Throughout the film, Garfield is described in many ways such as: determined, courageous, brave, and noble. I believe the aspect that made Garfield a notable leader was his “sublime Christian faith” (PBS Documentary). This faith is what motivated him to remain confident and poised in the face of different adversities. I found Garfield's unrelenting conviction enlightening and inspiring. After Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau, Garfield relied on his faith and fought for his life until the end. He could have stopped battling and accepted death, but Garfield’s grit and integrity enabled him to courageously hold on for as long as he could bear.
Additionally, Garfield’s desire for America was for “liberty to shine on everyone in union” (PBS Documentary). This is yet another example of Garfield’s graceful authority. He wanted all people of America to bask in liberty and freedom. Like President Abraham Lincoln, Garfield desired to see a nation where Whites and African Americans could live in a peaceful harmony. Because of his passion for peace, Garfield was beloved by the country. His death caused a somber drapery to fall across the nation; however, Garfield’s motives and desires for America were not forgotten.
A devastating fact of Garfield’s death was the possibility that he could have lived if he would have received adequate medical care. I was shocked to learn that germs were not a prominent concern in medical care in 1881. Dr. Joseph Lister was in the process of developing a germ theory, but apparently Garfield’s physician, Dr. Bliss, was unaware of this developing theory. Dr. Bliss did not believe in germs because, “why fear what you can’t see?” (PBS Documentary). Dr. Bliss probed President Garfield’s gunshot wound several times without proper sanitation or any kind of antiseptic which is what caused an eventually fatal infection. Dr. Bliss gave Garfield immense amounts of Morphine and Brandy which ultimately made his condition worse. Dr. Bliss was described to be giving, “questionable medical care even for 1880,” implying that medical care was not flawless but Bliss’ methods were certainly inexplicable (PBS Documentary). Overall, the medical care presented in the film was poorly executed; this played a role in the devastating lost of President Garfield.
If Garfield had lived, I believe his desire for unity would have inspired America to accept civil rights at a faster pace. Chester Arthur, who took office after Garfield’s assassination, supported several of the reforms Garfield presented. While this is a great fact for the future of America during this time, I believe Garfield’s passion would have been more influential. Garfield would have been able to showcase his desires for justice for an entire term, inspiring the American people to follow his ambition of unity.
James Garfield was an exceptional President during the his short time in office. “Murder of a President” provides thorough, intellectual information about not only James Garfield himself, but also 1881 America and the challenges of medical science during this era. Garfield’s legacy as President and abolitionist along with his devoted passion for unity will remain a moving part of American history.
2 February 2018
HIST 112
Paper 1
With the Industrial Revolution rising and altering America in the 1880’s, James Garfield’s influence as President, General, and Representative inspired the American people with a profound sense of hope, encouragement, and faith. Garfield’s legacy is discussed throughout the PBS documentary “Murder of a President.” This documentary provides insight to life in America in 1881, Garfield’s life as a political leader, and the challenges of medical science in 1881. James Garfield was a father, husband, President, General, politician, friend, and civil rights activist. Above all these titles, Garfield was an inspirer. Garfield inspired the entire American population to unite through his numerous acts of courage and bravery in the midst of a growing, developing Nation.
In 1881, the United States was dominated by Industrialization. Three ideas are made prominent in the film during this time: the increase of civilization in cities, the increase in factory jobs, and the influence of growing aristocracy. For the first time in history, more Americans lived in cities than farms. This was a result of the growing workforce needed to operate different machinery in developing factories. Factory work was gradually replacing manual labor. Industrialization also prompted a growing aristocracy; in other words, more individuals were accustomed to exceptional ranks and privileges.
Garfield was a remarkable political leader because of his vast abilities. Throughout the film, Garfield is described in many ways such as: determined, courageous, brave, and noble. I believe the aspect that made Garfield a notable leader was his “sublime Christian faith” (PBS Documentary). This faith is what motivated him to remain confident and poised in the face of different adversities. I found Garfield's unrelenting conviction enlightening and inspiring. After Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau, Garfield relied on his faith and fought for his life until the end. He could have stopped battling and accepted death, but Garfield’s grit and integrity enabled him to courageously hold on for as long as he could bear.
Additionally, Garfield’s desire for America was for “liberty to shine on everyone in union” (PBS Documentary). This is yet another example of Garfield’s graceful authority. He wanted all people of America to bask in liberty and freedom. Like President Abraham Lincoln, Garfield desired to see a nation where Whites and African Americans could live in a peaceful harmony. Because of his passion for peace, Garfield was beloved by the country. His death caused a somber drapery to fall across the nation; however, Garfield’s motives and desires for America were not forgotten.
A devastating fact of Garfield’s death was the possibility that he could have lived if he would have received adequate medical care. I was shocked to learn that germs were not a prominent concern in medical care in 1881. Dr. Joseph Lister was in the process of developing a germ theory, but apparently Garfield’s physician, Dr. Bliss, was unaware of this developing theory. Dr. Bliss did not believe in germs because, “why fear what you can’t see?” (PBS Documentary). Dr. Bliss probed President Garfield’s gunshot wound several times without proper sanitation or any kind of antiseptic which is what caused an eventually fatal infection. Dr. Bliss gave Garfield immense amounts of Morphine and Brandy which ultimately made his condition worse. Dr. Bliss was described to be giving, “questionable medical care even for 1880,” implying that medical care was not flawless but Bliss’ methods were certainly inexplicable (PBS Documentary). Overall, the medical care presented in the film was poorly executed; this played a role in the devastating lost of President Garfield.
If Garfield had lived, I believe his desire for unity would have inspired America to accept civil rights at a faster pace. Chester Arthur, who took office after Garfield’s assassination, supported several of the reforms Garfield presented. While this is a great fact for the future of America during this time, I believe Garfield’s passion would have been more influential. Garfield would have been able to showcase his desires for justice for an entire term, inspiring the American people to follow his ambition of unity.
James Garfield was an exceptional President during the his short time in office. “Murder of a President” provides thorough, intellectual information about not only James Garfield himself, but also 1881 America and the challenges of medical science during this era. Garfield’s legacy as President and abolitionist along with his devoted passion for unity will remain a moving part of American history.
Paper 2: The Progressives
Josie Salyer
26 February 2018
Paper 2
HIST 112
The Progressive Era was a social movement in America that transitioned into a political movement from 1890 to 1920. America was adapting to changes in everyday life, prompted by Industrialization during this time. In 1912, vapid progressivist Theodore Roosevelt presented many solutions to bettering American life in his speech, “A Confession of Faith” at the Progressive Party Convention in Chicago, Illinois. Roosevelt presented the following ideas to prompt improvement: establishing a new political party, promoting prosperity, improving the cost of everyday necessities, establishing concise wages, and conserving land. Roosevelt advocated for an American society influenced by equality, fairness, and well-being.
A pivotal part of Roosevelt’s speech was his advocacy for a new political party. This acted as a major goal for Progressivism as a whole. The new party would be dominated by the views of the American people, according to Roosevelt, when he stated stated, “The first essential in the Progressive programme is the right of the people to rule” (3). During this time of Progressivism, Roosevelt viewed the political conditions of America to be biased and arbitrary. Roosevelt stated, “At present both the old parties are controlled by professional politicians in the interests of the privileged classes” (3). Through this statement, Roosevelt proved that the existing Democratic and Republican parties reflected only the views of privileged individuals, which was an unfair process of decision making. By encouraging Americans to unite through decision making, bias to only privileged individuals could be eliminated. Roosevelt’s goal was to create a new party where such corruption would not exist and would therefore thrive with righteousness.
Consequently, Roosevelt promotes prosperity throughout his speech in hopes for prosperity to exist to all people as more than simply an idea. Prosperity was a prominent, ultimate goal of the Progressive Era. Not enough people were sufficiently prospering during this time according to Roosevelt. He viewed the conditions of businesses to be “unsatisfactory” (15). Roosevelt advocated for both workers and consumers alike, stating that both should receive prosperity through business. Roosevelt stated, “We wish to control big business so as to secure among other things good wages for the wageworkers and reasonable prices for the consumers” (15).
Furthermore, Roosevelt desired to improve the cost of everyday needs during this era of Progressivism. He stated, “There can be no more important question than the high cost of living necessities” (25). Roosevelt viewed the economic conditions of America during this time to be insufficient and in desperate need of modification. An economic change was adamant to promote lower, affordable costs of everyday goods. Roosevelt’s primary concern was not monetary value, however. Rather, his primary concern was the overall well-being of the American people. In order for well-being to fall on all Americans, there had to be a decline in cost of everyday necessities; in order for this to occur, farming had to be profitable. Even with different technologies and machinery introduced by Industrialization developing, farmers remained a pivotal producer of goods. In regards to the farmer, Roosevelt stated, “In this manner his return will be increased while the price to the consumer is diminished” (25). This movement would help both the farmer and the consumers in unison, therefore creating a nation of prosperous, equal individuals.
Another issue addressed by Roosevelt and fellow progressivists was the importance of establishing sufficient wages. It was vital for this national and state based wage to be a fair, concise amount. This also prompted the establishment of equal wages for women. Roosevelt advocated for manual labor to be rewarded adequately. Moreover, working citizens deserve fair pay for their laboring. Roosevelt stated, “Wages are subnormal if they fail to provide a living for those who devote their time and energy to industrial occupations” (11). In addition, particular wages were established to benefit people during times of unfortunate circumstances such as sickness. Roosevelt believed that the mediocre social conditions of America during this time could be improved if proper wages were introduced and enacted.
Roosevelt also advocated for the conservation of American land. Conserving land aided other ideas of Progressivism. Roosevelt admonished Americans not to overwork the land. Preservation of land was key in order for future generations to dwell in the flourishing lands of American territories. Roosevelt stated, “We must conserve the soil so that our children shall have a land that is more and not less fertile than that our fathers dwelt in” (29).
However, conserving land was not as much of a pressing issue as political struggles were during the Progressive Era. Problems that existed in America during this time are similar to issues present in America today. Corruption in Government was a prime issue during this period. Today, Americans continue to dispute and disagree over executive decisions and practices. Instead of binding together as a united nation, Americans let differences in opinions, morals, and beliefs cause division. This issue was prominent in 1912 America as well as 2017 America. An ongoing issue that demands attention alteration today is the detachment between liberals and conservatives. This segmentation causes animosity in America which results in separation and disunion. Similar instances of disconnection were problematic during the Progressive Era.
In conclusion, the Progressive Era began as a social movement, but ultimately ended as a political movement. Theodore Roosevelt, among many others, provided diverse solutions to enhancing American life during this time. The President accomplished this by a creating a new political party dominated by the people, establishing fair wages for both men and women, decreasing the cost of everyday goods to improve everyday life, and finally, conserving land. The Progressive Movement eventually swept the country, establishing a state of well-being for all Americans.
26 February 2018
Paper 2
HIST 112
The Progressive Era was a social movement in America that transitioned into a political movement from 1890 to 1920. America was adapting to changes in everyday life, prompted by Industrialization during this time. In 1912, vapid progressivist Theodore Roosevelt presented many solutions to bettering American life in his speech, “A Confession of Faith” at the Progressive Party Convention in Chicago, Illinois. Roosevelt presented the following ideas to prompt improvement: establishing a new political party, promoting prosperity, improving the cost of everyday necessities, establishing concise wages, and conserving land. Roosevelt advocated for an American society influenced by equality, fairness, and well-being.
A pivotal part of Roosevelt’s speech was his advocacy for a new political party. This acted as a major goal for Progressivism as a whole. The new party would be dominated by the views of the American people, according to Roosevelt, when he stated stated, “The first essential in the Progressive programme is the right of the people to rule” (3). During this time of Progressivism, Roosevelt viewed the political conditions of America to be biased and arbitrary. Roosevelt stated, “At present both the old parties are controlled by professional politicians in the interests of the privileged classes” (3). Through this statement, Roosevelt proved that the existing Democratic and Republican parties reflected only the views of privileged individuals, which was an unfair process of decision making. By encouraging Americans to unite through decision making, bias to only privileged individuals could be eliminated. Roosevelt’s goal was to create a new party where such corruption would not exist and would therefore thrive with righteousness.
Consequently, Roosevelt promotes prosperity throughout his speech in hopes for prosperity to exist to all people as more than simply an idea. Prosperity was a prominent, ultimate goal of the Progressive Era. Not enough people were sufficiently prospering during this time according to Roosevelt. He viewed the conditions of businesses to be “unsatisfactory” (15). Roosevelt advocated for both workers and consumers alike, stating that both should receive prosperity through business. Roosevelt stated, “We wish to control big business so as to secure among other things good wages for the wageworkers and reasonable prices for the consumers” (15).
Furthermore, Roosevelt desired to improve the cost of everyday needs during this era of Progressivism. He stated, “There can be no more important question than the high cost of living necessities” (25). Roosevelt viewed the economic conditions of America during this time to be insufficient and in desperate need of modification. An economic change was adamant to promote lower, affordable costs of everyday goods. Roosevelt’s primary concern was not monetary value, however. Rather, his primary concern was the overall well-being of the American people. In order for well-being to fall on all Americans, there had to be a decline in cost of everyday necessities; in order for this to occur, farming had to be profitable. Even with different technologies and machinery introduced by Industrialization developing, farmers remained a pivotal producer of goods. In regards to the farmer, Roosevelt stated, “In this manner his return will be increased while the price to the consumer is diminished” (25). This movement would help both the farmer and the consumers in unison, therefore creating a nation of prosperous, equal individuals.
Another issue addressed by Roosevelt and fellow progressivists was the importance of establishing sufficient wages. It was vital for this national and state based wage to be a fair, concise amount. This also prompted the establishment of equal wages for women. Roosevelt advocated for manual labor to be rewarded adequately. Moreover, working citizens deserve fair pay for their laboring. Roosevelt stated, “Wages are subnormal if they fail to provide a living for those who devote their time and energy to industrial occupations” (11). In addition, particular wages were established to benefit people during times of unfortunate circumstances such as sickness. Roosevelt believed that the mediocre social conditions of America during this time could be improved if proper wages were introduced and enacted.
Roosevelt also advocated for the conservation of American land. Conserving land aided other ideas of Progressivism. Roosevelt admonished Americans not to overwork the land. Preservation of land was key in order for future generations to dwell in the flourishing lands of American territories. Roosevelt stated, “We must conserve the soil so that our children shall have a land that is more and not less fertile than that our fathers dwelt in” (29).
However, conserving land was not as much of a pressing issue as political struggles were during the Progressive Era. Problems that existed in America during this time are similar to issues present in America today. Corruption in Government was a prime issue during this period. Today, Americans continue to dispute and disagree over executive decisions and practices. Instead of binding together as a united nation, Americans let differences in opinions, morals, and beliefs cause division. This issue was prominent in 1912 America as well as 2017 America. An ongoing issue that demands attention alteration today is the detachment between liberals and conservatives. This segmentation causes animosity in America which results in separation and disunion. Similar instances of disconnection were problematic during the Progressive Era.
In conclusion, the Progressive Era began as a social movement, but ultimately ended as a political movement. Theodore Roosevelt, among many others, provided diverse solutions to enhancing American life during this time. The President accomplished this by a creating a new political party dominated by the people, establishing fair wages for both men and women, decreasing the cost of everyday goods to improve everyday life, and finally, conserving land. The Progressive Movement eventually swept the country, establishing a state of well-being for all Americans.
Paper 3: The Era of the Great Depression
Josie Salyer
28 March 2018
Paper 3
The Great Depression was an era of economic disparity in America that began in 1929 and halted in 1939. Banks failed and unemployment rates accelerated causing the American people to lose hope in their once prosperous nation. Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, both Presidential incumbents during the depression, examined issues of different pressing situations in America during this era in their First Inaugural Speeches. Hoover’s approach to explaining the status of the United States is thorough and long winded while Roosevelt’s approach is quick, blunt, and to the point. Through the content of their speeches, Hoover and Roosevelt present valuable reformation campaigns to enhance the status of America, teach about the difficulties of National leadership, and discuss the severe impacts of the Great Depression.
Both Hoover and Roosevelt advocated for an adamant National change. Hoover’s inaugural speech took place on March 4, 1929. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 took place a mere seven months later in October. Whether or not Hoover’s Presidency can be deemed partially responsible for this crash is a debacle among different debates. Hoover viewed the United States to have a bright future through proper reform in specific areas. His viewpoints in his speech are focused more on the positive aspects of the nation. Hoover’s speech begins with progress America had achieved during and after the Great War. Hoover stated, “If we survey the situation of our Nation both at home and abroad, we find many satisfactions” (Inaugural Address). Hoover’s tone is positive and encouraging, yet deliberate. Hoover presented many different issues in his speech. He spends an insignificant amount of time on each point; the outline of his speech shows that he has numerous points to discuss but not enough time to adequately explain each one.
On the contrary, Roosevelt began his speech by discussing present troubling issues. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” was a gateway to rebuilding the United States after the tragedies of the Great Depression. He divulged immediately into a blunt description of the poor status of America that desperately required alteration. Roosevelt offered encouragement in the midst of his bluntness by stating, “This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper” (Inaugural Address). Furthermore, Roosevelt stated, “So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” (Inaugural Address). This compelling statement is inspirational to Americans eighty-five years ago and today. Roosevelt was a remarkable leader because of his consolation for Americans to rebuke the distraction of fear and remain focused on the overall goal of prosperity.
Roosevelt had a clearer understanding of the unfortunate situation in America than Hoover. Roosevelt was able to analyze the country’s overall issues and concerns as a whole, and then structure solutions. Opposingly, Hoover was required to act briskly because the depression commenced during his Presidency. Roosevelt presented distinct solutions while Hoover offered vague solutions. Roosevelt presented the New Deal because America indeed needed a new system to achieve prosperity because previous ideas and plans had failed. Roosevelt campaigned for contemporary intentions that would surpass previous arrangements. Both Presidents confronted these difficult positions of authority which conclusively resulted in turmoil.
Hoover and Roosevelt provided insight into the harsh environment of the American Presidency. Hoover was President when the stock market crashed. Moreover, he undoubtedly was hated, loathed, and blamed for the unsatisfactory conditions America began enduring. Further, Roosevelt discussed the significance of, “the temper of our people” (Inaugural Address). Both speeches confirm that the Presidency contains immense amounts of pressure and expectations of success. The Great Depression evoked boundless pressure that affected both Presidents.
Various effects of the Great Depression are vivid in both speeches. Primarily, issues in need of mandatory reformation were thoroughly discussed. Hoover discussed the failure of our federal justice system while Roosevelt discussed unemployment rates, for example. Two different alterations possessed the same goal: reformation. Roosevelt emphasized the importance of not relying heavily on money. He stated, “The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit” (Inaugural Address). Several banks across the nation had failed which promoted severe monetary issues; Roosevelt clearly advocated for Americans to rely on each other and wholesome values instead. Hoover advocated for stricter law enforcement. He stated, “Justice must not fail because the agencies of enforcement are either delinquent or inefficiently organized” (Inaugural Address). The poor status of the nation caused a depletion in law enforcement which is what Hoover tried to prioritize.
In conclusion, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidencies were unique and significant because of the era of the Great Depression. Two speeches with differing content ultimately contained one unanimous goal of restoration. Through their speeches, Hoover and Roosevelt presented valuable reformation ideas, expressed the difficulties of the American Presidency, and discussed consequences of the Great Depression.
28 March 2018
Paper 3
The Great Depression was an era of economic disparity in America that began in 1929 and halted in 1939. Banks failed and unemployment rates accelerated causing the American people to lose hope in their once prosperous nation. Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, both Presidential incumbents during the depression, examined issues of different pressing situations in America during this era in their First Inaugural Speeches. Hoover’s approach to explaining the status of the United States is thorough and long winded while Roosevelt’s approach is quick, blunt, and to the point. Through the content of their speeches, Hoover and Roosevelt present valuable reformation campaigns to enhance the status of America, teach about the difficulties of National leadership, and discuss the severe impacts of the Great Depression.
Both Hoover and Roosevelt advocated for an adamant National change. Hoover’s inaugural speech took place on March 4, 1929. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 took place a mere seven months later in October. Whether or not Hoover’s Presidency can be deemed partially responsible for this crash is a debacle among different debates. Hoover viewed the United States to have a bright future through proper reform in specific areas. His viewpoints in his speech are focused more on the positive aspects of the nation. Hoover’s speech begins with progress America had achieved during and after the Great War. Hoover stated, “If we survey the situation of our Nation both at home and abroad, we find many satisfactions” (Inaugural Address). Hoover’s tone is positive and encouraging, yet deliberate. Hoover presented many different issues in his speech. He spends an insignificant amount of time on each point; the outline of his speech shows that he has numerous points to discuss but not enough time to adequately explain each one.
On the contrary, Roosevelt began his speech by discussing present troubling issues. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” was a gateway to rebuilding the United States after the tragedies of the Great Depression. He divulged immediately into a blunt description of the poor status of America that desperately required alteration. Roosevelt offered encouragement in the midst of his bluntness by stating, “This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper” (Inaugural Address). Furthermore, Roosevelt stated, “So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” (Inaugural Address). This compelling statement is inspirational to Americans eighty-five years ago and today. Roosevelt was a remarkable leader because of his consolation for Americans to rebuke the distraction of fear and remain focused on the overall goal of prosperity.
Roosevelt had a clearer understanding of the unfortunate situation in America than Hoover. Roosevelt was able to analyze the country’s overall issues and concerns as a whole, and then structure solutions. Opposingly, Hoover was required to act briskly because the depression commenced during his Presidency. Roosevelt presented distinct solutions while Hoover offered vague solutions. Roosevelt presented the New Deal because America indeed needed a new system to achieve prosperity because previous ideas and plans had failed. Roosevelt campaigned for contemporary intentions that would surpass previous arrangements. Both Presidents confronted these difficult positions of authority which conclusively resulted in turmoil.
Hoover and Roosevelt provided insight into the harsh environment of the American Presidency. Hoover was President when the stock market crashed. Moreover, he undoubtedly was hated, loathed, and blamed for the unsatisfactory conditions America began enduring. Further, Roosevelt discussed the significance of, “the temper of our people” (Inaugural Address). Both speeches confirm that the Presidency contains immense amounts of pressure and expectations of success. The Great Depression evoked boundless pressure that affected both Presidents.
Various effects of the Great Depression are vivid in both speeches. Primarily, issues in need of mandatory reformation were thoroughly discussed. Hoover discussed the failure of our federal justice system while Roosevelt discussed unemployment rates, for example. Two different alterations possessed the same goal: reformation. Roosevelt emphasized the importance of not relying heavily on money. He stated, “The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit” (Inaugural Address). Several banks across the nation had failed which promoted severe monetary issues; Roosevelt clearly advocated for Americans to rely on each other and wholesome values instead. Hoover advocated for stricter law enforcement. He stated, “Justice must not fail because the agencies of enforcement are either delinquent or inefficiently organized” (Inaugural Address). The poor status of the nation caused a depletion in law enforcement which is what Hoover tried to prioritize.
In conclusion, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidencies were unique and significant because of the era of the Great Depression. Two speeches with differing content ultimately contained one unanimous goal of restoration. Through their speeches, Hoover and Roosevelt presented valuable reformation ideas, expressed the difficulties of the American Presidency, and discussed consequences of the Great Depression.
Paper 4: The Emergence of the Cold War
Salyer 1
Josie Salyer
18 April 2018
Paper 4
HIST 112
The Truman Doctrine & The Marshall Plan
The Cold War was a period of animosity and resentment between the United States and the Soviet Union that endured from 1947 to 1991. A struggle for supremacy remained from the desolation of WWII which sparked this dual tension. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman and Secretary of State George Marshall presented the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan during this period of acrimony. Both speeches embody the goals the United States pursued during the Cold War. Both speeches are metaphorically analyzed by historians today to be two halves of the same walnut; together they represent a perfect whole. The Truman doctrine was adopted to aid Greek nations specifically while The Marshall plan was adopted to rebuild European nations as a whole. Together, these speeches promoted the enhancement of America’s involvement in global affairs by averting the outbreak of another uncapped war by restoring humanity to destruction, and strategically preventing the spread of communism.
The United States successfully developed the atomic bomb in 1945. President Truman regretfully decided to withhold this information from the Soviets. In fact, Joseph Stalin,
Premier of the Soviet Union, was already aware of this achievement; as a result, the Soviet Union no longer trusted the United States. This initiated the period of suspicion and lack of trust otherwise entitled the Cold War. The United States viewed their position in the Cold War to be an uprising opportunity for superiority on the global stage. The emergence of America’s
involvement in Foreign affairs equipped Americans with a sense of security. However, Americans were unaware of the calamitous plight of European Nations. The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan brought the devastation of European countries to light, portraying the significance and importance of American involvement.
In The Truman Doctrine, President Truman advocated for adamant, immediate assistance to be granted to Greece in order to avoid the implementation of Greek communism. Truman stated, “Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds” (Truman Doctrine). President Truman desired to expand the global influence of America by aiding Greek devastation. Without this assistance, Greece would have been influenced by the menacing emergence of communism. The United States willfully aspired to eliminate the spread of communism on the global level. Truman stated, “No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek government” (Truman Doctrine). Congress later voted to indeed assist the Greek government.
Moreover, Secretary of State George Marshall addressed the Nation in 1947 in his speech by presenting The Marshall Plan. Marshall’s plan promoted humanitarian aid; this aid involved a pledge to help both the enemy and future allies. The United States spent approximately thirteen-billion dollars to build the European economy back up. Marshall stated, “The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole” (Marshall Plan).
After the destruction of WWII, global peace was desired more than ever. Marshall stated, “It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic
health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace” (Marshall Plan).
Overall, the United States was submerged in a debacle during the Cold War because of the rise of communism, atomic weaponry, and poverty emerging across the globe. The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan provided pivotal resources and ideas that would further promote the United States involvement in foreign affairs. America established its identity in global affairs during the Cold War.
Josie Salyer
18 April 2018
Paper 4
HIST 112
The Truman Doctrine & The Marshall Plan
The Cold War was a period of animosity and resentment between the United States and the Soviet Union that endured from 1947 to 1991. A struggle for supremacy remained from the desolation of WWII which sparked this dual tension. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman and Secretary of State George Marshall presented the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan during this period of acrimony. Both speeches embody the goals the United States pursued during the Cold War. Both speeches are metaphorically analyzed by historians today to be two halves of the same walnut; together they represent a perfect whole. The Truman doctrine was adopted to aid Greek nations specifically while The Marshall plan was adopted to rebuild European nations as a whole. Together, these speeches promoted the enhancement of America’s involvement in global affairs by averting the outbreak of another uncapped war by restoring humanity to destruction, and strategically preventing the spread of communism.
The United States successfully developed the atomic bomb in 1945. President Truman regretfully decided to withhold this information from the Soviets. In fact, Joseph Stalin,
Premier of the Soviet Union, was already aware of this achievement; as a result, the Soviet Union no longer trusted the United States. This initiated the period of suspicion and lack of trust otherwise entitled the Cold War. The United States viewed their position in the Cold War to be an uprising opportunity for superiority on the global stage. The emergence of America’s
involvement in Foreign affairs equipped Americans with a sense of security. However, Americans were unaware of the calamitous plight of European Nations. The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan brought the devastation of European countries to light, portraying the significance and importance of American involvement.
In The Truman Doctrine, President Truman advocated for adamant, immediate assistance to be granted to Greece in order to avoid the implementation of Greek communism. Truman stated, “Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds” (Truman Doctrine). President Truman desired to expand the global influence of America by aiding Greek devastation. Without this assistance, Greece would have been influenced by the menacing emergence of communism. The United States willfully aspired to eliminate the spread of communism on the global level. Truman stated, “No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek government” (Truman Doctrine). Congress later voted to indeed assist the Greek government.
Moreover, Secretary of State George Marshall addressed the Nation in 1947 in his speech by presenting The Marshall Plan. Marshall’s plan promoted humanitarian aid; this aid involved a pledge to help both the enemy and future allies. The United States spent approximately thirteen-billion dollars to build the European economy back up. Marshall stated, “The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole” (Marshall Plan).
After the destruction of WWII, global peace was desired more than ever. Marshall stated, “It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic
health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace” (Marshall Plan).
Overall, the United States was submerged in a debacle during the Cold War because of the rise of communism, atomic weaponry, and poverty emerging across the globe. The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan provided pivotal resources and ideas that would further promote the United States involvement in foreign affairs. America established its identity in global affairs during the Cold War.
Paper 5: Lyndon Baines Johnson
Josie Salyer
23 April 2018
Paper
HIST 112
Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President after the desolating assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1964. This tragedy draped a blanket of grief and despair across America; moreover, America was in the midst of severe social and civil turmoil during this time. Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, is primarily remembered for his advocacy for a “Great Society.” While President Johnson’s impacts and reformations of the “Great Society” remain prevalent today, Johnson continues to be criticized for his failures regarding the Vietnam War. Insight into Johnson’s domestic and foreign policies are found in his 1964 Great Society Speech, 1965 Inaugural Address, and 1968 Address to the Nation. President Johnson vapidly advocated for enhancement in American education, health, and civil rights.
Regarding domestic policies, Johnson was concerned with numerous aspects of American society that immediately demanded attention. In his 1964 Great Society Speech, Johnson stated, “three places where we begin to build the Great Society--in our cities, in our countryside, and in our classrooms” (Great Society Speech). According to Johnson, Americans lacked companionship with one another which deteriorated American society; this further agitated civil rights issues. Cities were growing and becoming significantly populous at an increasing rate during this time. As a result, Johnson stated, “There is not enough housing for our people or transportation for our traffic” (Great Society Speech). Johnson was a substantial advocate for American education. Rates of educated Americans were startlingly low during the 1960’s. A tremendous amount of American families lived in poverty during this time. Johnson wanted public school to be an escape from this unfortunate poverty. Johnson stated, “Poverty must not be a bar to learning, and learning must offer an escape from poverty” (Great Society Speech). Students were not the only individuals who deserved enhanced educational requirements. Teachers were insufficiently paid and underprepared, for example. Johnson stated, “So we must give every child a place to sit and a teacher to learn from. ” (Great Society Speech).
In Johnson’s 1965 Inaugural Address, he addresses the American people with a hopeful zeal for unity, justice, and liberty. Johnson stated, “We are one nation and one people. Our fate as a nation and our future as a people rest not upon one citizen, but upon all citizens” (Inaugural Address). Regarding health, Johnson was concerned for those living in poverty possibly suffering from hunger. He stated, “In a land of great wealth, families must not live in hopeless poverty. In a land rich in harvest, children just must not go hungry” (Inaugural Address).
Regarding foreign policies, Johnson prioritized simply for thriving American peace. In Johnson’s 1968 Address to the Nation, he voiced the importance of withholding a strict budget in regards to the costs of the war in Vietnam. Johnson did not want Vietnam to harm America’s goal towards prosperity. Johnson stated, “the Nation's need for immediate action: action to protect the prosperity of the American people and to protect the strength and the stability of our American dollar” (Address to the Nation). America’s financial hardships were vividly apparent and demeaning during this time. The War in Vietnam cost the United States approximately $2.5 billion in expenditures in 1968. Going forward, Johnson hoped that Vietnam would too strive towards national peace. Johnson stated, “But it is our fervent hope that North Vietnam, after years of fighting that have left the issue unresolved, will now cease its efforts to achieve a military victory and will join with us in moving toward the peace table” (Address to the Nation).
Each of Johnson’s three speeches give insight into his hearty goals for the Nation. Although flawed and imperfect, Johnson’s ideals were compelling for American prosperity. According to the speeches, Johnson can be evaluated as an ambitious President because of his cultivation of different ideals that pursued peace. Johnson’s advocacy for a “Great Society” possessed valuable reformation ideas to enhance American life. However, his decision not to run for a second term in 1968 sparked confusion across the nation. I personally believe this decision can be deemed to the devastation in Vietnam. I believe this decision resulted from the war casualties that were taking an emotional toll on Johnson himself. Furthermore, perhaps Johnson no longer wanted to be held responsible for the havoc occurring in Vietnam.
Overall, Johnson is remembered for his “Great Society” ideas that were designed to improve American education, health, and civil rights. Despite his downfalls regarding the Vietnam War, Johnson undoubtedly possessed driven qualities that made him a proactive President.
23 April 2018
Paper
HIST 112
Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President after the desolating assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1964. This tragedy draped a blanket of grief and despair across America; moreover, America was in the midst of severe social and civil turmoil during this time. Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, is primarily remembered for his advocacy for a “Great Society.” While President Johnson’s impacts and reformations of the “Great Society” remain prevalent today, Johnson continues to be criticized for his failures regarding the Vietnam War. Insight into Johnson’s domestic and foreign policies are found in his 1964 Great Society Speech, 1965 Inaugural Address, and 1968 Address to the Nation. President Johnson vapidly advocated for enhancement in American education, health, and civil rights.
Regarding domestic policies, Johnson was concerned with numerous aspects of American society that immediately demanded attention. In his 1964 Great Society Speech, Johnson stated, “three places where we begin to build the Great Society--in our cities, in our countryside, and in our classrooms” (Great Society Speech). According to Johnson, Americans lacked companionship with one another which deteriorated American society; this further agitated civil rights issues. Cities were growing and becoming significantly populous at an increasing rate during this time. As a result, Johnson stated, “There is not enough housing for our people or transportation for our traffic” (Great Society Speech). Johnson was a substantial advocate for American education. Rates of educated Americans were startlingly low during the 1960’s. A tremendous amount of American families lived in poverty during this time. Johnson wanted public school to be an escape from this unfortunate poverty. Johnson stated, “Poverty must not be a bar to learning, and learning must offer an escape from poverty” (Great Society Speech). Students were not the only individuals who deserved enhanced educational requirements. Teachers were insufficiently paid and underprepared, for example. Johnson stated, “So we must give every child a place to sit and a teacher to learn from. ” (Great Society Speech).
In Johnson’s 1965 Inaugural Address, he addresses the American people with a hopeful zeal for unity, justice, and liberty. Johnson stated, “We are one nation and one people. Our fate as a nation and our future as a people rest not upon one citizen, but upon all citizens” (Inaugural Address). Regarding health, Johnson was concerned for those living in poverty possibly suffering from hunger. He stated, “In a land of great wealth, families must not live in hopeless poverty. In a land rich in harvest, children just must not go hungry” (Inaugural Address).
Regarding foreign policies, Johnson prioritized simply for thriving American peace. In Johnson’s 1968 Address to the Nation, he voiced the importance of withholding a strict budget in regards to the costs of the war in Vietnam. Johnson did not want Vietnam to harm America’s goal towards prosperity. Johnson stated, “the Nation's need for immediate action: action to protect the prosperity of the American people and to protect the strength and the stability of our American dollar” (Address to the Nation). America’s financial hardships were vividly apparent and demeaning during this time. The War in Vietnam cost the United States approximately $2.5 billion in expenditures in 1968. Going forward, Johnson hoped that Vietnam would too strive towards national peace. Johnson stated, “But it is our fervent hope that North Vietnam, after years of fighting that have left the issue unresolved, will now cease its efforts to achieve a military victory and will join with us in moving toward the peace table” (Address to the Nation).
Each of Johnson’s three speeches give insight into his hearty goals for the Nation. Although flawed and imperfect, Johnson’s ideals were compelling for American prosperity. According to the speeches, Johnson can be evaluated as an ambitious President because of his cultivation of different ideals that pursued peace. Johnson’s advocacy for a “Great Society” possessed valuable reformation ideas to enhance American life. However, his decision not to run for a second term in 1968 sparked confusion across the nation. I personally believe this decision can be deemed to the devastation in Vietnam. I believe this decision resulted from the war casualties that were taking an emotional toll on Johnson himself. Furthermore, perhaps Johnson no longer wanted to be held responsible for the havoc occurring in Vietnam.
Overall, Johnson is remembered for his “Great Society” ideas that were designed to improve American education, health, and civil rights. Despite his downfalls regarding the Vietnam War, Johnson undoubtedly possessed driven qualities that made him a proactive President.
Final Exam Essays
Josie Salyer
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 1
American Civil Rights 1865-1970
Upon the foundation and advancement of the United States of America, social and civil minorities have remained existingly prevalent in American Society. The status and position of American citizens existing in minorities throughout the history and development of American Society from 1875 to 1970 remain significant in American history. Primarily, African Americans, Asian Americans, and women have suffered from detriments caused by unequal rights and privileges. The United States during this time frame was segregated and those individuals in minorities were mistreated. This issue of unequal rights can be further examined by studying the Freedmen’s Bureau of 1865, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement in 1955. The United States of America has endured the struggles of Civil Rights for the majority of its existence; however, brave men and women have gallantly sought for justice among these civil issues.
The gruesome Civil War ended in 1865. This was a time of national distress for America; the United States was no longer flourishingly united, but rather torn apart by animosity. “Now the nation faced the daunting task of reuniting” (Tindall p. 704). Although slaves were liberated after the Civil War, ex-slaves remained living in substantial poverty. Nine out of ten African Americans were illiterate in the post Civil War era, for example. Once Reconstruction began, the poor lives of ex-slaves were prioritized. In 1865, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau which was designed to make the poor lives of post war slaves urgently apparent. The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first federal agency created to solve civil rights issues by providing ex-slaves with food, housing and medical aid. This agency suggests that the United States genuinely desired for the nation to unite once again in 1865 despite former acrimonies.
Regarding Asian Americans during the time of the emergence of Urban America, the Chinese Exclusion Act was vetoed by President Chester Arthur but eventually overturned by Congress in 1882. This law “became the first federal law to restrict immigration on the basis of race and class, shutting the door to Chinese immigrants for ten years” (Tindall p. 831). Justice for Chinese immigrants who journeyed to America desiring to live in the free, prosperous nation was denied by this act. The barriers formed by the Chinese Exclusion Act were not torn down until 1943 when the initiative was repealed. This suggests that the United States was in a state of deafening nativism which led to this immigration restriction.
Furthermore, Civil Rights in America remained problematic. The Civil Rights Movement began in the mid 1950’s led by the renowned Martin Luther King Jr. Dr King once stated, “the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice.” This quote is significant in American Society because justice continues to be the ultimate goal for citizens. During the mid 1950’s and 1960’s, numerous men and women advocated for equal opportunities for African Americans among a nation of entitled white citizens. Moreover, women during this movement were fighting for equal pay. In 1963, The Equal Pay Act was passed by Congress, which guaranteed equal wages for the same performed work regardless of race or sex. The Civil Rights Movement suggests that American Society remained divided; however, many individuals fought tirelessly to eliminate this division.
Overall, the United States of America is a nation in which individuals thrive and flourish. This prosperity does not exist without the influence of different adversities, however. From 1865 to 1970, America has endured a plentiful amount of Civil Rights issues which have affected those individuals classified in to minorities. African Americans, Asian Americans, and women have been socially harmed over the history of America. Consequently, initiatives and solutions have been ratified that have transitioned our nation into an all inclusive nation of equity. The United States of America is constantly changing by seeking growth, development, and prosperity.
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 1
American Civil Rights 1865-1970
Upon the foundation and advancement of the United States of America, social and civil minorities have remained existingly prevalent in American Society. The status and position of American citizens existing in minorities throughout the history and development of American Society from 1875 to 1970 remain significant in American history. Primarily, African Americans, Asian Americans, and women have suffered from detriments caused by unequal rights and privileges. The United States during this time frame was segregated and those individuals in minorities were mistreated. This issue of unequal rights can be further examined by studying the Freedmen’s Bureau of 1865, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement in 1955. The United States of America has endured the struggles of Civil Rights for the majority of its existence; however, brave men and women have gallantly sought for justice among these civil issues.
The gruesome Civil War ended in 1865. This was a time of national distress for America; the United States was no longer flourishingly united, but rather torn apart by animosity. “Now the nation faced the daunting task of reuniting” (Tindall p. 704). Although slaves were liberated after the Civil War, ex-slaves remained living in substantial poverty. Nine out of ten African Americans were illiterate in the post Civil War era, for example. Once Reconstruction began, the poor lives of ex-slaves were prioritized. In 1865, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau which was designed to make the poor lives of post war slaves urgently apparent. The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first federal agency created to solve civil rights issues by providing ex-slaves with food, housing and medical aid. This agency suggests that the United States genuinely desired for the nation to unite once again in 1865 despite former acrimonies.
Regarding Asian Americans during the time of the emergence of Urban America, the Chinese Exclusion Act was vetoed by President Chester Arthur but eventually overturned by Congress in 1882. This law “became the first federal law to restrict immigration on the basis of race and class, shutting the door to Chinese immigrants for ten years” (Tindall p. 831). Justice for Chinese immigrants who journeyed to America desiring to live in the free, prosperous nation was denied by this act. The barriers formed by the Chinese Exclusion Act were not torn down until 1943 when the initiative was repealed. This suggests that the United States was in a state of deafening nativism which led to this immigration restriction.
Furthermore, Civil Rights in America remained problematic. The Civil Rights Movement began in the mid 1950’s led by the renowned Martin Luther King Jr. Dr King once stated, “the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice.” This quote is significant in American Society because justice continues to be the ultimate goal for citizens. During the mid 1950’s and 1960’s, numerous men and women advocated for equal opportunities for African Americans among a nation of entitled white citizens. Moreover, women during this movement were fighting for equal pay. In 1963, The Equal Pay Act was passed by Congress, which guaranteed equal wages for the same performed work regardless of race or sex. The Civil Rights Movement suggests that American Society remained divided; however, many individuals fought tirelessly to eliminate this division.
Overall, the United States of America is a nation in which individuals thrive and flourish. This prosperity does not exist without the influence of different adversities, however. From 1865 to 1970, America has endured a plentiful amount of Civil Rights issues which have affected those individuals classified in to minorities. African Americans, Asian Americans, and women have been socially harmed over the history of America. Consequently, initiatives and solutions have been ratified that have transitioned our nation into an all inclusive nation of equity. The United States of America is constantly changing by seeking growth, development, and prosperity.
Josie Salyer
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 2
America on the World Stage
From 1898 to 1970, the United States of America was emerging and advancing upon the Global stage. This emergence is showcased through America’s momentous role in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War. Woodrow Wilson once stated, “We shall be more American if we but remain true to the principles in which we have been bred.” The roles of the United States in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War attest to this true ideal of Wilson’s view of America. America’s position for neutrality in WWI, preservation in WWII, and containment in the Cold War demonstrate the significance of the emergence of the United States on the World stage.
The first World War began in 1915; however, the United States did not enter until 1917. President Woodrow Wilson was interested in domestic affairs rather than foreign policy during this time. Before and after entering the war, Wilson was a vapid advocate for neutrality. His neutrality advocacy was enhanced by the proposition of Freedom of the Seas. “Wilson tried valiantly to uphold the “freedom of the seas,” which had guided U.S. policy since the Napoleonic Wars of the early nineteenth century” (Tindall p. 988). Freedom of the Seas was deemed restricted because no warfare on the high seas was tolerated which granted ships freedom to navigate the oceans without the possibility of detrimental torpedoing. This compelled Imperial Germany to engage in unrestricted U-boat campaigns in 1915, 1917, and 1918. Undefeated Germany wanted to return unrestricted submarine warfare in order to cut off the British food supply. I believe the role of the United States in WWI was positively influential in human affairs because of the protection provided from Freedom of the Seas. Wilson’s neutrality campaign, although idealistic and profound, eventually resulted to be impractical. Thus, Wilson ordered Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917.
Upon the beginning of WWII, America’s goal was to stop the progressing aggression of Japan in order to preserve the well being of the American people. For example, American industries halted the deliveries of petroleum and rubber to Japan. Consequently, this attempt at stopping aggression only fed the aggression. On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor. While this attack was severely devastating to America, the attack contained several mistakes. “The surprise attack fulfilled the dreams of its planners, but it fell short of success in two ways” (Tinadall p. 1161). The attempt at preserving America was no longer possible after Pearl Harbor because the United States had to enter the war. After the attack, America’s social and economic position on the Global stage was transformed. Nisei, Japanese Americans, were tormented because of their race after the Pearl Harbor attack by being transported to Japanese internment camps. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the 9066 executive document allowing the internment of Japanese Americans which resulted in families being torn apart. This negatively influenced human affairs because Americans, regardless of their race, were moved to camps with insufficient living surroundings.
Furthermore, after the desolations of both WWI and WWII, America became involved in a capped war, entitled the Cold War, with the Soviet Union, meaning that physical fighting and damage was not initiated but instead verbal and emotional turmoil took place. A tumult of suspscion and lack of trust arose between America and the Soviet Union as a result of the successful invention of the atomic bomb. The United States successfully developed the atomic bomb in 1945. President Harry Truman regretfully decided to withhold this information from the Soviets. In fact, Joseph Stalin, Premier of the Soviet Union, was already aware of this achievement; as a result, the Soviet Union no longer trusted the United States. The Twin Shocks of 1949, which included Russia successfully firing an atomic bomb, and the emergence of communist China, further rattled American society and initiated America’s strive towards containment. Containment was an American desire to prevent the spread of global communism. Regarding containment, political analyst George F. Kennan stated, “the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” (Tindall p. 1218). The United States positively influenced human affairs by advocating for containment because containment restricted the spread of destructive communism.
Overall, I believe the United States has indeed lived up to Wilson’s ideals regarding global affairs. Wilson desired for America to have an authoritative, influential role upon the World Stage by promoting global prosperity. The role of the United States in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War proves that the ultimate goal of America has always been, and will continue to be, to preserve well-being of the American people as a whole.
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 2
America on the World Stage
From 1898 to 1970, the United States of America was emerging and advancing upon the Global stage. This emergence is showcased through America’s momentous role in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War. Woodrow Wilson once stated, “We shall be more American if we but remain true to the principles in which we have been bred.” The roles of the United States in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War attest to this true ideal of Wilson’s view of America. America’s position for neutrality in WWI, preservation in WWII, and containment in the Cold War demonstrate the significance of the emergence of the United States on the World stage.
The first World War began in 1915; however, the United States did not enter until 1917. President Woodrow Wilson was interested in domestic affairs rather than foreign policy during this time. Before and after entering the war, Wilson was a vapid advocate for neutrality. His neutrality advocacy was enhanced by the proposition of Freedom of the Seas. “Wilson tried valiantly to uphold the “freedom of the seas,” which had guided U.S. policy since the Napoleonic Wars of the early nineteenth century” (Tindall p. 988). Freedom of the Seas was deemed restricted because no warfare on the high seas was tolerated which granted ships freedom to navigate the oceans without the possibility of detrimental torpedoing. This compelled Imperial Germany to engage in unrestricted U-boat campaigns in 1915, 1917, and 1918. Undefeated Germany wanted to return unrestricted submarine warfare in order to cut off the British food supply. I believe the role of the United States in WWI was positively influential in human affairs because of the protection provided from Freedom of the Seas. Wilson’s neutrality campaign, although idealistic and profound, eventually resulted to be impractical. Thus, Wilson ordered Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917.
Upon the beginning of WWII, America’s goal was to stop the progressing aggression of Japan in order to preserve the well being of the American people. For example, American industries halted the deliveries of petroleum and rubber to Japan. Consequently, this attempt at stopping aggression only fed the aggression. On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor. While this attack was severely devastating to America, the attack contained several mistakes. “The surprise attack fulfilled the dreams of its planners, but it fell short of success in two ways” (Tinadall p. 1161). The attempt at preserving America was no longer possible after Pearl Harbor because the United States had to enter the war. After the attack, America’s social and economic position on the Global stage was transformed. Nisei, Japanese Americans, were tormented because of their race after the Pearl Harbor attack by being transported to Japanese internment camps. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the 9066 executive document allowing the internment of Japanese Americans which resulted in families being torn apart. This negatively influenced human affairs because Americans, regardless of their race, were moved to camps with insufficient living surroundings.
Furthermore, after the desolations of both WWI and WWII, America became involved in a capped war, entitled the Cold War, with the Soviet Union, meaning that physical fighting and damage was not initiated but instead verbal and emotional turmoil took place. A tumult of suspscion and lack of trust arose between America and the Soviet Union as a result of the successful invention of the atomic bomb. The United States successfully developed the atomic bomb in 1945. President Harry Truman regretfully decided to withhold this information from the Soviets. In fact, Joseph Stalin, Premier of the Soviet Union, was already aware of this achievement; as a result, the Soviet Union no longer trusted the United States. The Twin Shocks of 1949, which included Russia successfully firing an atomic bomb, and the emergence of communist China, further rattled American society and initiated America’s strive towards containment. Containment was an American desire to prevent the spread of global communism. Regarding containment, political analyst George F. Kennan stated, “the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” (Tindall p. 1218). The United States positively influenced human affairs by advocating for containment because containment restricted the spread of destructive communism.
Overall, I believe the United States has indeed lived up to Wilson’s ideals regarding global affairs. Wilson desired for America to have an authoritative, influential role upon the World Stage by promoting global prosperity. The role of the United States in WWI, WWII, and the Cold War proves that the ultimate goal of America has always been, and will continue to be, to preserve well-being of the American people as a whole.
Josie Salyer
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 3
The Progressive Impulse
The United States of America, from 1900 to the present day, has been a vastly developing nation with one simple, unanimous goal of prosperity. Ardent progressive Theodore Roosevelt once stated, “A great democracy has got to be progressive or it will soon cease to be great or a democracy.” Ideals that were initially formed in the Progressive Era in 1900 to 1917 remain prevalent in American society today. The history of the United States during this time endured numerous desolations and hardships; however, America did not and has not halted its efforts to pursue American prosperity. Regarding America’s progression towards prosperity, the United States exists as a great democracy because of the inclusive ideas and solutions designed to vividly promote American renewal and reformation that have been introduced throughout American history. Specifically, Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society dynamically portray America’s continual strive towards prosperity.
President Theodore Roosevelt presented the Square Deal policy in 1902. “Roosevelt endorsed a “Square Deal” for all, calling for more rigorous enforcement of existing antitrust laws and stricter controls on big business” (Tindall p. 951). The Square Deal was one component of Roosevelt’s advocacy for progressivism. This deal contained three demands called the “three c’s” which were designed to enhance the lives of American citizens. The three c’s included: control of corporations, conservation of natural resources, and consumer protection. The goal of the Progressive Era was simple: gradually improve American life. The goals and results of progressivism established unity and wellbeing across the nation. The establishment of the Square Deal pointed America in a distinct direction towards prosperity.
After the Progressive Era ended, America began enduring global tensions; America was in the midst of tragedy from the devastations of WWI. President Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in 1933 hopeful that America could once again thrive in prosperity. The New Deal promoted the following: relief, recovery, and reformation. The second New Deal was introduced in 1935 in order to further promote goals for American prosperity. “No longer was the New Deal to be focused on generating economic recovery. It would also provide stability and security for the most vulnerable Americans” (Tindall p. 1125). The New Deal is a crucial aspect of America’s continual strive towards societal prosperity.
Furthermore, America continued to endure conflict after the desolations of WWII which led to President Lyndon Johnson’s promotion of the Great Society in 1964. Johnson announced the Great Society to be a war on poverty by stating, “This Administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America” (Tindall p. 1324). The Great Society focused on reformation in three specific areas: cities, the countryside, and classrooms. The Great Society was Johnson’s “baby” in a sense. The Great Society is significant in today’s society because Americans live according to the reformations that were cultivated during this time.
These three reformation plans are prime examples of America's constant vigilance for improvement and restoration. The United States is a great democracy based on Theodore Roosevelt’s logic of “A great democracy has got to be progressive.” Constantly progressing towards prosperity is what deems a successful society. In regards to today’s society in 2018, I personally believe America is indeed a progressive nation because of President Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” campaign. I am neither a devoted supporter or hostile disclaimer of President Trump, but I respect him and his authority over the nation. President Trump has introduced numerous promises that will enhance American life such as tax reforms, for example. President Trump, like Theodore Roosevelt, FDR, and Lyndon Johnson, possesses a charismatic ambition for the citizens of the United States to live in peaceful, prosperous unity.
26 April 2018
HIST 112
Final Exam
Essay Question 3
The Progressive Impulse
The United States of America, from 1900 to the present day, has been a vastly developing nation with one simple, unanimous goal of prosperity. Ardent progressive Theodore Roosevelt once stated, “A great democracy has got to be progressive or it will soon cease to be great or a democracy.” Ideals that were initially formed in the Progressive Era in 1900 to 1917 remain prevalent in American society today. The history of the United States during this time endured numerous desolations and hardships; however, America did not and has not halted its efforts to pursue American prosperity. Regarding America’s progression towards prosperity, the United States exists as a great democracy because of the inclusive ideas and solutions designed to vividly promote American renewal and reformation that have been introduced throughout American history. Specifically, Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society dynamically portray America’s continual strive towards prosperity.
President Theodore Roosevelt presented the Square Deal policy in 1902. “Roosevelt endorsed a “Square Deal” for all, calling for more rigorous enforcement of existing antitrust laws and stricter controls on big business” (Tindall p. 951). The Square Deal was one component of Roosevelt’s advocacy for progressivism. This deal contained three demands called the “three c’s” which were designed to enhance the lives of American citizens. The three c’s included: control of corporations, conservation of natural resources, and consumer protection. The goal of the Progressive Era was simple: gradually improve American life. The goals and results of progressivism established unity and wellbeing across the nation. The establishment of the Square Deal pointed America in a distinct direction towards prosperity.
After the Progressive Era ended, America began enduring global tensions; America was in the midst of tragedy from the devastations of WWI. President Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in 1933 hopeful that America could once again thrive in prosperity. The New Deal promoted the following: relief, recovery, and reformation. The second New Deal was introduced in 1935 in order to further promote goals for American prosperity. “No longer was the New Deal to be focused on generating economic recovery. It would also provide stability and security for the most vulnerable Americans” (Tindall p. 1125). The New Deal is a crucial aspect of America’s continual strive towards societal prosperity.
Furthermore, America continued to endure conflict after the desolations of WWII which led to President Lyndon Johnson’s promotion of the Great Society in 1964. Johnson announced the Great Society to be a war on poverty by stating, “This Administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America” (Tindall p. 1324). The Great Society focused on reformation in three specific areas: cities, the countryside, and classrooms. The Great Society was Johnson’s “baby” in a sense. The Great Society is significant in today’s society because Americans live according to the reformations that were cultivated during this time.
These three reformation plans are prime examples of America's constant vigilance for improvement and restoration. The United States is a great democracy based on Theodore Roosevelt’s logic of “A great democracy has got to be progressive.” Constantly progressing towards prosperity is what deems a successful society. In regards to today’s society in 2018, I personally believe America is indeed a progressive nation because of President Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” campaign. I am neither a devoted supporter or hostile disclaimer of President Trump, but I respect him and his authority over the nation. President Trump has introduced numerous promises that will enhance American life such as tax reforms, for example. President Trump, like Theodore Roosevelt, FDR, and Lyndon Johnson, possesses a charismatic ambition for the citizens of the United States to live in peaceful, prosperous unity.